We use powerful migration models that allow investigation of changing environmental exposures while controlling for ethnicity and early-life exposure. We provide evidence for the role of epigenetic age acceleration (EAA) in the growing burden of obesity, diabetes, and hypertension in populations going through epidemiological (health) transitions. Our findings on FBG, BMI, and folate were replicated in the independent cohorts. Within non-migrant Ghanaians, higher BMI and vitamin-B9 (folate) intake were negatively associated with EAA measures. Within migrant Ghanaians, higher FBG was positively associated with EAA measures, with the adjusted regression β for intrinsic EAA being 0♳0 (95% CI 0♰1 to 0♵9) for migrants and 0♱2 (−0♰4 to 0♲8) for non-migrants, for extrinsic EAA being 0♳1 (0♰5 to 0♵6) for migrants and 0♰8 (−0♰6 to 0♲2) for non-migrants, for PhenoAge acceleration being 0♳9 (0♰7 to 0♷1) for migrants and 0♱4 (−0♰1 to 0♳2) for non-migrants, and for GrimAge acceleration being 0♱8 (0♰1 to 0♳4) for migrants and 0♱2 (0♰3 to 0♲1) for non-migrants. We found that migrant Ghanaians had lower EAA than non-migrant Ghanaians (intrinsic EAA Horvath –0♳4 years vs 0♳5 years extrinsic EAA Hannum –0♸6 years vs 0♹0 years PhenoAge acceleration –1♶8 years vs 1♷7 years and GrimAge acceleration –0♱8 years vs 0♱9 years). 712 (97%) of 736 participants were included in the analysis 365 (51%) of these 712 participants were migrants and 347 (49%) were non-migrants. Findingsīetween Feb 2, 2012, and Sept 30, 2014, 736 individuals participated in the RODAM epigenetics substudy, of which 12 (2%) were excluded during DNAm quality control, and a further 12 (2%) were excluded because of genotypic and phenotypic sex discordance. We replicated our findings among rural–urban sibling pairs from the India Migration Study and among indigenous South Africans from the PURE-SA-NW study.
We assessed the correlation between DNAm-based age measures and chronological age, and then we did linear regressions to investigate the associations between EAA and body-mass index (BMI), fasting blood glucose (FBG), blood pressure, alcohol consumption, smoking status, physical activity, and one-carbon metabolism nutrients among migrant and non-migrant populations. We used genome-wide DNAm data from Ghanaians to quantify EAA. We did not specify any exclusion criteria. In the present subsample, data for DNA-methylation (DNAm) had to be available for the participants.
Participants were included in the RODAM study if they were older than 25 years, had completed the RODAM study questionnaire, were physically examined, and had blood samples taken. The method and location of participant recruitment varied according to country and city. In Europe, participants were recruited from the cities of Amsterdam (Netherlands), Berlin (Germany), and London (UK). In this population-based cross-sectional RODAM substudy, recruitment of urban participants in Ghana was done in two cities (Kumasi and Obuasi), whereas recruitment in rural areas was done in 15 villages in the Ashanti region.
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